Korean Journal of
Veterinary Service

Vol.47 No.4, December 30, 2024 Article TypeCase ReportOriginal ArticleShort Communication

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Prevalence of influenza A, C and D viruses in Korean swine farms

  Jung-Min Lee , Ji-Hyun Ryu , Seung-Chai Kim , Hwan-Ju Kim , Aarif Rasool , Chung-Young Lee , Jae-Ku Oem , Ho-Seong Cho , Won-Il Kim

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 193-199 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.193

  

  

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  Abstract : Influenza viruses are enveloped, segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. There are four types of influenza viruses, influenza A, B, C, and D viruses (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), and only three types of influenza viruses, IAV, ICV, and IDV, can infect swine with zoonotic potential. However, in Korea, the prevalence of ICV and IDV as compared with IAV has not been much studied yet. To determine the prevalence of IAV, ICV, and IDV among swine farms in Korea, 1,602 nasal swabs and 200 oral fluid samples were collected from 40 pig farms between October 31 and December 14, 2023. The samples were subsequently screened for IAV, ICV, and IDV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene-specific primers. The study reveals that 23 (57.5%) out of 40 farms were positive for IAV, among which IAV was detected in 72 (4.0%) of the total 1,802 tested samples. The rate of positive samples was 2.7% from the nasal swabs and 14.5% from the oral fluids, much higher than the previous studies. The weaning pig shows the highest positive rate (8.9%) among all ages. However, none of the tested samples was positive for ICV or IDV. Consistent with previous studies, only IAV has been confirmed to be prevalent in Korean swine herd, but not ICV and IDV. However, continuous surveillance of various influenza types in swine population is needed as they pose a potential zoonotic threat.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  First molecular detection and genotyping of Psittacid herpesvirus 1 from pet parrot in Korea

  Ji-Hyeon Baek , Hye-Ryung Kim , Jonghyun Park , Yong-Gu Yeo , Oh-Deog Kwon , Seung-Chun Park , Choi-Kyu Park

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 201-209 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.201

  

  

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  Abstract : To identify the causes of sudden death in pet parrots in this study, molecular screening was carried out to detect major psittacine viral pathogens including Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), Avian bornavirus (ABV), Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1), Avian polyomavirus, and Avian paramyxovirus serotype 1. The results showed that all six parrots were infected with PBFDV, indicating that PBFDV was likely the main cause of their deaths. Among these PBFDV-positive parrots, three were dually coinfected with PBFDV and ABV and one was triply coinfected with PBFDV, ABV and PsHV-1, indicating two viruses (ABV and PsHV-1) may also contribute to fatal outcomes of parrots. In Korea, there have been reports on the genetic characterization of PBFDV and APyV, but no reports on PsHV-1. Therefore, to further characterize PsHV-1 detected from a rosella parakeet, the partial UL16 gene was sequenced and compared with those of the reference PsHV-1 strains retrieved from the GenBank database. The Korean PsHV-1 (KPsHV-1 strain) was closely related to the genotype 1 PsHV-1 strain reported in the USA showing 100% nucleotide identity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial UL16 gene indicated that the KPsHV-1 strain was clustered into the genotype 1 group, which supported that genotype 1 PsHV-1 was introduced in Korea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying the genotype of the PsHV-1 strain in Korean parrots. These findings contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of psittacine viruses and the genetic characteristics of PsHV-1 among pet parrots in Korea. Further studies are needed to understand the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of psittacine viruses and to develop effective control measures for these viral infections in pet parrots.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  The effects of the antiviral agent T-1105 on various serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus

  Min-Goo Seo , Hyang-Sim Lee , Young-Joon Ko , Byeong-Min Song , Dongseob Tark

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 211-217 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.211

  

  

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  Abstract : Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and results in significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The high genetic variability of FMDV poses a substantial challenge to vaccine efficacy. This study evaluates the antiviral efficacy of T-1105, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, against FMDV. The cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC₅₀) and inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) of T-1105 were determined, and the sensitivity index (SI) was calculated. Results demonstrated that the SI value of T-1105 was lower than that of ribavirin, a standard antiviral agent. T-1105 exhibited partial antiviral activity against several FMDV subtypes, including O1/Manisa/Turkey/69, O/SKR/2000, A22/Iraq 24/64, A/Malaysia/97, Asia1/Shamir/89, and Asia1/MOG/05, with similar findings observed in RT-PCR assays except for Andong/SKR/2010 and O/SKR/2002. Overall, the antiviral effect of T-1105 exhibited narrow specificity against several serotypes of FMDV.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  A duplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Psittacine beak and feather disease virus and Aves polyomavirus 1 from psittacine birds in Korea

  Da-Young Kim , Jonghyun Park , Ji-Hyeon Baek , Yong-Gu Yeo , Jung-Hoon Kwon , Hye-Ryung Kim , Choi-Kyu Park

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 219-231 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.219

  

  

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  Abstract : Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) are important viral pathogens in psittacine birds worldwide. Early diagnosis and isolation of infected birds are key to preventing the transmission of these viruses to healthy birds. In this study, a TaqMan probe-based duplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (dqPCR) assay was developed for the rapid and differential detection PBFDV and APyV. The developed dqPCR assay using two sets of primers and probes specifically amplified the PBFDV V1 gene and APyV T gene in a single reaction. The limit of detection of the assay was determined to be below 50 copies for the corresponding target gene of PBFDV or APyV, which were lower than that of previous conventional PCR (cPCR) for PBFDV and comparable to that of previous cPCR for APyV. In the clinical evaluation, the diagnostic sensitivity of the new dqPCR assay for PBFDV or APyV was 55.2% (48/87) or 13.8% (12/87), which was higher than that of previous PBFDV cPCR (35.6%, 31/87) or consistent with that of previous APyV cPCR (13.8%, 12/87), respectively. The coinfection rate of PBFDV and APyV was 12.6% (11/87) in the psittacine clinical samples tested, which was higher than the rates reported in Chile, Bangladesh, and Brazil, but similar to the rates reported in Taiwan and Eastern Turkey. These results will be helpful to expand our knowledge on epidemiology of PBFDV and APyV infections in Korea. Conclusively, the developed dqPCR assay was found to be an accurate and reliable diagnostic tool for PBFDV and APyV in clinical samples of psittacine birds and will be useful for etiological and epidemiological studies and the control of the virus infections in the field.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and activated platelet-rich plasma on canine chondrocytes in monolayer cultures

  Hyeonwoo Kim , Sungyup Lee , Won-Jae Lee , Min Jang , Sae-Kwang Ku , Sungho Yun

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 233-241 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.233

  

  

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  Abstract : This study evaluated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on canine chondrocytes under inflammatory conditions. Four groups were tested: control, BMP, PRP, and PRP+BMP. Inflammatory conditions were induced using lipopolysaccharide. Realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to measure the expression of COL1A1, COL2A1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and osteocalcin, and a cell proliferation assay was conducted. Cell proliferation assays showed significant increases in both PRP and PRP+BMP groups, with no significant difference between them. In the real-time PCR, the BMP group showed no change in COL1A1 expression compared to the control group, but a significant increase in COL2A1 expression was observed. In contrast, the PRP and PRP+BMP groups showed significant decreases in both COL1A1 and COL2A1 expression. IL-1β expression was significantly decreased in the PRP and PRP+BMP groups, but no differences were observed in the BMP group compared to the control group. Regarding osteocalcin mRNA expression, no significant difference was observed between the control and BMP groups, but significant decreases were identified in the PRP and PRP+PRP groups. In conclusion, PRP enhanced cell proliferation and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on chondrocytes, while BMP-2 increased COL2A1 gene expression. Interestingly, BMP-2 did not increase osteocalcin gene expression, which is associated with the osteoblast differentiation of stem cells, and the PRP groups exhibited inhibited osteocalcin gene expression under inflammatory conditions.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Impact of body condition score on tidal volume requirements in mechanically ventilated dogs

  Hun-Sik Jung , Se-Eun Kim , Seong-Soo Kang , Taeho Ahn , Chun-Sik Bae

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 243-248 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.243

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  Abstract : This study aims to compare and describe the tidal volume (Vt) utilized in mechanically ventilated dogs across different body condition scores (BCSs). Ninety dogs requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) were categorized into three groups based on their BCSs ranged from 1 to 9: Group I (underweight, BCS 1∼3, n=26), Group II (ideal weight, BCS 4∼6, n=48), and Group III (overweight, BCS 7∼9, n=16). The median Vt for each group was recorded, and the differences were analyzed under the same median driving pressure. The median Vt was found to vary significantly among the groups. In particular, the K value for Group I (underweight) was 23.6 (9.1∼44.7) mL/kg, that for Group II (ideal weight) was 17.7 (10∼36.6) mL/kg, and that for Group III (overweight) was 10.9 (6.2∼13.1) mL/kg. The Vt used in Group III was significantly lower than that in Group I. The findings indicate that underweight dogs are ventilated with a higher Vt than ideal weight and overweight dogs, while overweight dogs require a lower Vt than ideal weight dogs to achieve adequate alveolar ventilation.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Correlation between body condition score and serum biochemical parameters in Hanwoo cattle

  Tae-Gyun Kim , Sung-Ho Kim , Sang-Yup Lee , Saet-Byul Kim , Min Jang , Sung-Ho Yun , Young-Bum Son , Seung-Joon Kim , Won-Jae Lee

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 249-259 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.249

  

  

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  Abstract : This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and serum biochemical parameters in Hanwoo cattle, considering the significant changes in body size that have occurred over the past two decades. A total of 45 clinically healthy Hanwoo cattle were categorized into three BCS groups: group 1 (BCS: 3.0∼3.25), group 2 (BCS: 3.5∼3.75), and group 3 (BCS: 4.0∼4.25). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for the total number of 16 biochemical parameters. Significant differences were observed in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), triglycerides (TG), and the BUN/creatinine ratio among these groups. Additionally, significant correlations were found between BCS and several parameters, including GGT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), TG, total protein (TP), and globulin (GLOB). The increase in BUN and BUN/creatinine ratio in high BCS groups was attributed to increased protein intake during the fattening stage rather than renal dysfunction. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between BCS and biochemical parameters including TG, TP, and GLOB might be associated with mild or subclinical hepatic lipidosis, likely due to increased protein intake rather than liver disease. Notably, GPT levels showed a negative correlation with BCS, although the exact reasons for this relationship remain unclear. These findings underscore the importance of considering dietary and metabolic factors when interpreting biochemical parameters in Hanwoo cattle during fattening period. The results provide valuable insights into the physiological changes associated with different BCS levels, contributing to improved management strategies in Hanwoo cattle.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Comparison of acid-base disorders in cats using traditional, Stewart, and Fencl-Stewart methods

  Daseul Chun , Hyeona Bae , DoHyeon Yu

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 261-272 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.261

  

  

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  Abstract : This study investigates acid-base disorders in cats using traditional, Stewart, and Fencl-Stewart methods. Analyzing data from 69 sick and 18 healthy cats between 2018 and 2020, it aims to evaluate the frequency and nature of these imbalances across various diseases. Significant differences in acid-base parameters were observed in cats with different health conditions. Hepatobiliary diseases showed notable changes in pH, chloride, base excess, bicarbonate, and other parameters. Urinary diseases affected pH, base excess, and bicarbonate levels, while gastrointestinal diseases impacted pH, base excess, bicarbonate, and potassium, among others. Cancer and respiratory diseases mainly influenced pH and strong ion differences. No significant differences were seen in cardiovascular and neurologic diseases. The study also examines the prevalence of acidosis and alkalosis, finding acidosis common across many conditions, with variations in anion gap and lactate levels. These findings underscore the effectiveness of diverse analytical methods in detecting acid-base imbalances in cats, providing insights into underlying causes and guiding treatment strategies for small animals.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in wild boars in Chungnam Province, Korea

  Jin-Young You , Yong-Kwan Kim , Weon-Hwa Jheong , Ok-Bae Park

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 273-276 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.273

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  Abstract : Pigs are a reservoir for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are considered to be an effective amplifying host for JEV. In this study, serum samples were collected from 1,062 wild boars in Chungnam Province from January to November 2022. The seroprevalence of JEV was analyzed by a commercial ELISA kit. We found no significant differences in the seroprevalence of JEV among regions (from 39.6% to 49.5%) and by seasons (from 41.8% to 49.2%). The results indicate that approximately 47% of the wild boars in Chungnam Province tested positive for JEV antibody, suggesting that these wild boars may play an important role in the natural infection cycle of JEV in Chungnam Province.

• Original Article 2024-12-30

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  Safety evaluation of live-attenuated vaccine candidate derived from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O78 isolate

  Yang-Beom Kim , Do-Kyoung Kim , Sang-Hyun Kim

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 277-281 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.277

  

  

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  Abstract : Chicken colibacillosis caused by infection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78 serotype can bring about prevalent economic losses and it could be ongoing concern in poultry industry. It is attempted to create a mutant strain of APEC O78 isolate, in order to attenuate the virulence of APEC O78, with a view to creating a potential candidate of live-attenuated vaccine to be used for broiler chickens. A genetic mutation in the phosphate transporter (pst) gene was constructed in this study to lessen the virulence of the APEC O78 isolate. The resulting pst mutant of APEC O78 was verified by whole genome sequencing to see whether virulence gene profile was changed during the procedure of the pst mutation. For the safety evaluation of the pst mutant of APEC O78, a potential candidate of live-attenuated vaccine, chicken embryo lethality test was carried out with specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated eggs. The results from the embryo lethality test showed that the infectivity and virulence of APEC O78 pst mutant towards chicken embryo was greatly lessened enough to be used as a safe live-attenuated vaccine.

• Short Communication 2024-12-30

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  Absence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in stray dogs suggests alternative reservoirs: 2020~2021 study in Seoul

  Myounghee Lee , KiChan Lee , Kyoungsuk Kang , Changseek Ro , Hyera Kim , Zoya Afzal , Bok Kyung Ku , Jae-Won Byun , Yeonsu Oh

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 283-288 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.283

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  Abstract : Leptospirosis, a globally prevalent zoonotic disease, is primarily caused by Leptospira interrogans and poses significant public health challenges, especially in tropical regions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of leptospiral infections among stray dogs in Seoul, Korea, using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for 15 standard leptospiral strains during 2020∼2021. Despite the historical context of canine leptospirosis and its role in zoonotic transmission, all 330 stray dogs tested in this survey were found negative for Leptospira antibodies. These findings suggest that stray dogs are unlikely to be a reservoir for Leptospira and that unknown alternative reservoirs such as rodents and other animals may exist, but this study found no evidence to support this. The study underscores the need for continuous surveillance and management of stray dogs to prevent zoonotic diseases, reflecting on both past findings and the negative results of current tests. Further research is necessary to validate these findings across different environmental conditions and to improve diagnostic methods beyond the standard MAT due to its limitations in handling and sensitivity.

• Case Report 2024-12-30

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  Nephrectomy with hydronephrosis following ovariohysterectomy using surgical ligation clips in a dog

  Sung Min Kim , Ho Hyun Kwak , Heung Myong Woo

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 289-295 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.289

  

  

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  Abstract : A 7-year-old spayed female poodle presented with abdominal distension. Initial tests included a complete blood count, serum biochemistry panel, coagulation test, radiography, and ultrasound. As an additional test, a computed tomography urography was performed. Based on the ultrasound and CT findings, an exploratory laparotomy was performed to remove the ligation clip that appeared to be causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter in the left kidney. A ligation clip obstructing the proximal ureter of the left kidney was discovered. All clips, including the obstructing one, were removed, and a nephrectomy was performed. Gross examination of the kidney revealed almost no remaining renal parenchyma. Histopathological results showed compressive necrosis of the glomerular tissue, with no evidence of tumor or inflammation. The dog remained in good overall condition for 12 months postoperatively, with no abnormalities detected in blood tests. Hemorrhage and ureteral injury are major complications of ovariohysterectomy, preventable with proper visualization, awareness of the proximal ureter’s proximity to the uterine body, and careful tissue handling. This case report describes a rare instance of ureteral obstruction caused by a surgical ligation clip used during an ovariohysterectomy, which led to unilateral hydronephrosis in a dog.

• Case Report 2024-12-30

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  New technique for incision site selection in laparoscopic-assisted minilaparotomy for canine fistula

  Chang Sul Kim , Ho Hyun Kwak , Su Hyeon Song , Heung Myong Woo

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 297-303 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.297

  

  

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  Abstract : A 4-year-old neutered male Shar-Pei, weighing 20 kg, presented with a subcutaneous chest wall mass in the right thorax. The mass measured 12×7 cm with a soft texture and rounded contour. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA), radiography, and computed tomography (CT) revealed a foreign body, suspected to be a wooden skewer, compressing the area between the ribs and diaphragm and extending its impact to the abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, and subcutaneous tissues. The patient’s primary symptom, the right thoracic mass, was identified as a granulomatous abscess caused by a gastrosubcutaneous fistula resulting from the migration of the foreign body. A surgical plan was established for the exploratory laparotomy and foreign body removal. The mobile end of the foreign body was drawn towards the abdominal wall, and a port was placed at the location where it contacted the abdominal wall. Exploratory laparoscopy was then performed, during which the stomach was exteriorized using laparoscopic assistance, followed by the removal of the foreign body. The foreign body removed was confirmed to be a 145 mm long wooden skewer. The patient was discharged in healthy condition after 4 days of hospitalization. This report presents a case of a gastrosubcutaneous fistula caused by the migration of a wooden skewer-shaped foreign body that was successfully treated using a novel surgical approach involving exploratory laparoscopy and minimally invasive foreign body removal.

• Case Report 2024-12-30

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  Gastric leiomyosarcoma in a Himalayan cat

  Hyoung-Seok Yang , Ji-Youl Jung , Jinyong Lee , Sang Chul Kang , Jae-Hoon Kim

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 305-310 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.305

  

  

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  Abstract : A 2-year-old intact male Himalayan cat was presented with two months history of anorexia, vomiting and loss of body weight. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed abnormal mass in stomach. Surgical removal of gastric pyloric mass 3×3×1.5 cm in size at greater curvature was performed and then was submitted for diagnosis. Histopathologically, large neoplastic foci were occupied from submucosa to serosa in the stomach, and were consisted of interlacing fascicles of spindle cells with marked cellular pleomorphism including anisokaryosis, anisocytosis, and bi-nucleation. Tumor cells showed high mitotic figures and strong invasion to adjacent pancreas in tissue section were also observed. According to immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells demonstrated strong positive signals for vimentin and smooth muscle actin whereas no immunoreactivities were obtained for neuron specific enolase, and CD117. Based on the gross, histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, this case was diagnosed as feline gastric leiomyosarcoma.

• Case Report 2024-12-30

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  The dual surgical intervention of cholecystectomy and adrenalectomy in an 11-year-old female dog

  Seung-Hyun Kim , Jun-Gyu Park , Nam-Ku Kang , Yeong-Bin Baek , Sang-Ik Park

  Korean J. Vet. Serv. 2024; 47(4): 311-317 https://doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2024.47.4.311

  

  

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  Abstract : An 11-year-old spayed female dog was diagnosed with gallbladder mucocele (GBM), characterized by excessive mucin production that led to gallbladder distension and posed a risk for severe complications. Given these risks, current treatment guidelines recommend surgical intervention, with cholecystectomy being the preferred therapeutic approach. Furthermore, the dog presented with an adrenal gland mass, demonstrating hypertension and markedly elevated levels of metanephrine and normetanephrine, raising suspicion of pheochromocytoma without evidence of invasion or metastasis. This situation enhanced the viability of adrenalectomy as a treatment option. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of a neuroendocrine tumor, potentially secreting catecholamines. Notably, this case illustrates a rare occurrence of both mucocele and pheochromocytoma in a dog. The dual surgical procedures of cholecystectomy and adrenalectomy were performed using advanced surgical techniques and required intensive postoperative care. The surgeries were successful, and the patient was discharged without complications. As of three years following the surgery, the patient continues to thrive without recurrence or significant health issues, highlighting the effectiveness of this surgical approach in managing such complex cases.